推薦這個部落格: 60

奈米高分子核殼複合粒子為一種分散材料尺寸小於1奈米的無機物補強高分子性質的複合核殼粒子,由於大的無機材料分散相表面積和高分子複合粒子間有強烈的吸引力,使得此種高分子複合粒子比原始高分子在剛性性質上大幅提昇,體阻氣性、熱膨脹係數下降,且較耐溶劑腐蝕與其他材料結合性高,粒子分層性高等優越特性。由於它有上述的優異性,所以可以被廣泛的應用在一般民生工業上,如資電器材、汽車零組件、絕緣性高、耐油性材料與耐磨耗材料;在纖工業上,如工業刷毛、濾布、繩索,具有提昇剛性、強度、耐溫、防導電性、熱性;在包裝材料上應用,如保鮮膜、生鮮食品包裝,充分利用奈米材料耐熱性、防氧化化阻性透明特性等;在塗布工業,材料耐黃變、高附著性、防蝕、、防日曬高、防鏽性高、電著塗料均是未來奈米阻絕性之最佳應用、生醫科技可應用在表面清潔、防臭防腐處理。

導電粒子主要中心物質為熱固型或熱塑型高分子材質,並且在中心粒子之表面進行表面處理與附著奈米金屬材料,以利表面金屬化或稀有元素之步驟製程奈米核殼粒子。粒徑可製成0.5~4μm也可製程導體與非導體、研磨粒子等相關應用。


Keyword:奈米導電粒子、奈米核殼粒子、奈米鍍金粒子、奈米鍍銀粒子、奈米鍍鎳粒子、奈米壓克力粒子、微小粒子、奈米粒子、奈米石墨粒子、氧化物粒子、半導體微小粉末、高分子導電複合粒子材料、奈米導電黏著劑、金屬粒子、奈米研磨球。
碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商,致力於製造優秀的產品,在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富,並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題,對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹,可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。
碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。
機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍,並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。
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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
砂轮粒度选择根据用户所需光洁度而定,一般粒度选择原则:
粗粒度砂轮适用于:
(1)材质较软、延伸率大以及类似软铁有色金属等韧性材料
(2)进刀量大场合
(3)表面粗糙度要求不高场合
(4)磨削接触面大场合
细粒度砂轮适用于:
(1)材质较硬,脆性较大材料,如硬质工具钢玻璃等
(2)表面粗糙度要求高场合
(3)磨削接触面小场合
(4)工具半径或孤度小场合
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求, 我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀 具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生 刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭 迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
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情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊 社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富な パリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(4)オートメーション整備調達
弊社の 全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
化学式WC。为黑色六方晶体,有金属光泽,硬度与金刚石相近,为 电、热的良好导体。熔点2870℃, 沸点6000℃,相对密度 15.63(18℃),硬度可达1200HV。碳化钨不溶于水、盐酸和硫酸,易溶于硝酸-氢 氟酸的混合酸中。纯的碳化钨易碎,若掺入少量钛、钴等金属,就能减少脆性。用作钢材切割工具的碳化钨,常加入碳化钛、碳化钽或它们的混合物,以提 高抗爆能力。碳化钨的化学性质稳定。
在碳化钨中,碳原子嵌入钨金属晶格的间隙,并不破坏原有金属的晶格,形成填隙固溶体,因此也称填隙(或插入)化合物。碳化钨可由钨和碳的混合物高温加热制 得,氢气或烃类的存在能加速反应的进行。若用钨的含氧化合物进行制备,产品最终必须在1500℃进行真空处理, 以除去碳氧化合物。碳化钨适宜在高温下进行机械加工,可制作切削工具、窑炉的结构材料、喷气发动机、燃气轮机、喷嘴等。
钨与碳的另一个化合物为碳化二钨,化学式为 W2C,熔点为2860℃,沸点6000℃,相对密度17.15。其性质、制法、用途同碳化钨。
碳 化钨号称硬王;除了硬度高以外,尚有耐磨损、耐腐蚀、耐高温等特性。
在许多重要的材料中,碳化钨是属于最强硬的材料。利用碳化钨可制成各类零件,而这些零件将担负着最坚巨的耐磨损任务。利用碳化钨可制成各式割切金属的工 具。它的用途非常广泛。到底碳化钨有何特殊构造、有何种本领。下面就对碳化钨的一般状况做些简略的介绍。
一 硬王
谈到材料之硬度,一般人似乎都晓得钢铁比铝合金硬。而在各式各类钢铁中,工具钢又比低碳钢硬。钢铁之硬度一般都靠其结构内有马氏体。如果钢铁内含马氏体愈 多,它就愈硬。而这马氏体如合碳量愈多,它也就愈硬。由于大部分的钢铁靠马氏体逞强称硬,因此马氏体就有「硬祖」之称。如果钢铁之构造除了马氏体外,又加 上碳化铬的颗粒,那么它的强硬度又更进一级了。许多工具钢就是靠碳化铬与马氏体之合作而达到高硬度。
然而,工具钢尽管强硬,比起利用碳化钨为主要成份,做成的碳化物合金材料仍是差一大截。虽然氧化铝及碳化硅的硬度跟碳化钨不相上下,但它们的工业用途非常 有限。虽然金钢石比碳化钨硬,但无工业用途。碳化钨除了有硬度外,还非常美观、耐用。于是乎碳化钨就轻易的登上了「硬王」的宝座。
二 碳化钨合金材料的一般成分
虽然早期之碳化钨合金材料其主要成份是碳化钨,而以钴为黏合剂(即利用钴将碳化钨晶粒黏合在一起)。但如减少碳化钨之百分成分,而以碳化钛或碳化钽替代, 也可制成不同性质之材料。此材料之一般成分,如下表所示:(重量百分成分)
碳化钨 钴 碳化钽 碳化钛
97% 3%
94% 6%
87% 13%
51% 7% 10% 32%
82% 10% 8%
上表所列的是一部分碳化钨合金材料的成分。含碳化钨及碳化钛之量多,其硬度就大。然而勒性就相对的减少。
三 制造方法
(一)碳化钨粉的制取:利用选矿技术将含钨的矿石破碎分离,而变成含钨量高的精矿。将含钨的精矿与碳化铝或碳化钙混在一起加热起作用,产生的高热与碳化铝 或碳化钙混在一起加热起作用,产生的高热超过摄氏二千一百多度,于是碳化钨就形成了。冷却后,此碳化钨可破碎至极细的粉末。另外一种制造方式是将钨粉与碳 混在一起在高温下制成碳化钨。
(二)合金的制成:将碳化钨与钴以一定的比例混合,加压成各种形状,然后半烧结。此烧结过程通常是在真空炉里进行。将其置于真空炉里完成烧结。此时之温度 大约为摄氏一千三百至一千五百度之间。
四 碳化钨合金材料的一些性质
在耐磨损、耐腐蚀、高温、硬度诸性质方面,碳化钨合金材料约比最硬的钢铁强百倍。任何机器或机械装置如需要好的耐磨损材料,最好先考虑使用这碳化钨合金材 料。也许制品的成本会较高,但是较耐用,可以减少机件失灵或换修的机会。利用此材料制成的零件,在工业上之用途非常广泛。
激光熔 覆纳米碳化钨涂层组织和性能
采用7KW横流CO2激光器在2Crl3不锈钢基体上进行了激光熔覆纳米WC粉末的实验。使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能量色散 谱仪(EDAX)、显微硬度仪等设备检验了涂层的组织和性能。结果表明:采用激光熔覆纳米WC粉末的方法可以得到致密的复合涂层;涂层熔覆区呈现出典型的 Fe的胞状树枝晶和树枝晶间的Fe-C-W组织;XRD分析表明,复合涂层主要由Fe、WC、W2C和Fe3C几种相组成;涂层的性能测试结果表明:表 面硬度为1750HV.熔覆层平均硬度为1200HV,耐磨损性能比基体提高了2.5倍。
阀门是机械工业中用量大而广的主要基础部件之一.阀门在频繁的启闭过程中,其密封面受到擦伤,加上介质的腐蚀、冲刷及高温等因素的作用,而使阀门密封面过 早的损坏,成为密封不严,发生泄露的根源之一.
采用HVOF喷涂钴基炭化钨合金粉末或镍基炭化钨合金粉末还有铬基炭化钨合金粉末硬度可以达到HV1200耐高温850度,使阀门零部件, 耐磨损、耐腐蚀、耐高温、抗氧化。超过手工堆焊、渡铬、渗碳、调质、工艺,可使生产效率提高2倍以上,生产费用降低50%以上,使用寿命可延长数十倍。
喷涂零部件实例:闸板、阀座、阀心、柱塞、球体、法兰、阀杆。
与其他材料的硬度比较:
1、根 据平垫圈性能等级,作者推荐使用材料:
对于100hv级的可选用st12、st13及q235、q215、q195等等,表面硬度可达到 110hv 左右;
对于140hv级的可选用 08f、08al及10、10f等等,表面硬度可达到140hv左右;
对于200hv和300hv级的应选用45、50、60、70钢或65mn钢,可通过热处理淬火回火达到200~300hv和300~400hv技术要 求。
2、钻头的硬度是多少?
HRC55-58左右 ____ HV600-HV650
3、白钢车刀的各种规格 硬度{HRC}62—-65度 _____HV 750-820
超高硬度HRC-68—70,具有很高的红硬性和耐模磨性 ____ HV900-
4、 磨料
常用的磨料有氧化物系、碳化物系和高硬磨料系3种。船上和工厂常用的是氧化铝砂轮和碳化硅砂轮。氧化铝砂轮磨粒硬度低 (HV2000-HV2400)、韧性大,适用刃磨高速钢车刀,其中白色的叫做白刚玉,灰褐色的叫做棕刚玉。
5、立 方氮化硼(CB N)是人工合成的一种高硬度材料,它的硬度(HV7300~9000)仅次于金刚石
6、刀 具材料的硬度一定要大于工件材料的硬度,一般常温硬度超过60HRC(HV700)以上。高速钢在 63~66HRC(HV770~850)以上,硬质合金在74~81.5HRC(无对应)左右,人造金刚石10000HV。
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BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
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The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with a chemical formula of SiO2 and has been known for its hardness since antiquity. Silica is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz, as well as in the cell walls of diatoms. Silica is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust.[1][2]
Silica is manufactured in several forms including glass, crystal, gel, aerogel, fumed silica (or pyrogenic silica), and colloidal silica (e.g. Aerosil). In addition, Silica Nanosprings are produced by the vapor-liquid-solid method at temperatures as low as room temperature.[3]
Silica is used primarily in the production of window glass, drinking glasses and beverage bottles. The majority of optical fibers for telecommunications are also made from silica. It is a primary raw material for many whiteware ceramics such as earthenware, stoneware and porcelain, as well as industrial Portland cement.
Silica is common additive in the production of foods, where it is used primarily as a flow agent in powdered foods, or to absorb water in hygroscopic applications. It is the primary component of diatomaceous earth which has many uses ranging from filtration to insect control. It is also the primary component of rice husk ash which is used, for example, in filtration and cement manufacturing.
Thin films of silica grown on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation methods can be quite beneficial in microelectronics, where they act as electric insulators with high chemical stability. In electrical applications, it can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.
Silica is used as a raw material for aerogel in the Stardust spacecraft. It is also used in the extraction of DNA and RNA due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of chaotropes. As hydrophobic silica it is used as a defoamer component. In hydrated form, it is used in toothpaste as a hard abrasive to remove tooth plaque.
In its capacity as a refractory, it is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature thermal protection fabric. In cosmetics, it is useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency. Colloidal silica is used as a wine and juice fining agent. In pharmaceutical products, silica aids powder flow when tablets are formed. Finally, it is used as a thermal enhancement compound in ground source heat pump industry.
Crystal structure
Tetrahedral structural unit of silica (SiO2), the basic building block of the most ideal glass former.
In the vast majority of silicates, the Si atom shows tetrahedral coordination, with 4 oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom. The most common example is seen in the quartz crystalline form of silica SiO2. In each of the most thermodynamically stable crystalline forms of silica, on average, only 2 out of 4 of each the vertices (or oxygen atoms) of the SiO4 tetrahedra are shared with others, yielding the net chemical formula: SiO2.[4]
The amorphous structure of glassy silica (SiO2) in two-dimensions. No long-range order is present, however there is local ordering with respect to the tetrahedral arrangement of oxygen (O) atoms around the silicon (Si) atoms. Note that a fourth oxygen atom is bonded to each silicon atom, either behind the plane of the screen or in front of it; these atoms are omitted for clarity.
For example, in the unit cell of alpha-quartz, the central tetrahedron shares all 4 of its corner O atoms, the 2 face-centered tetrahedra share 2 of their corner O atoms, and the 4 edge-centered terahedra share just 1 of their O atoms with other SiO4 tetrahedra. This leaves a net average of 12 out of 24 (or 1 out of 2) total vertices for that portion of the 7 SiO4 tetrahedra which are considered to be a part of the unit cell for silica (see 3-D Unit Cell).
SiO2 has a number of distinct crystalline forms in addition to amorphous forms. With the exception of stishovite and fibrous silica, all of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO4 units linked together by shared vertices in different arrangements. Silicon-oxygen bond lengths vary between the different crystal forms, for example in α-quartz the bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154–171 pm. The Si-O-Si angle also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in β-tridymite. In α-quartz the Si-O-Si angle is 144°.[5]
Fibrous silica has a structure similar to that of SiS2 with chains of edge-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra. Stishovite, the highest pressure form, in contrast has a rutile like structure where silicon is 6 coordinate. The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm3, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm3.[6] The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest Si-O bond lengths in stishovite (four Si-O bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the Si-O bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz. [7] The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the Si-O bond. [8] But more important is the observation that any deviations from these standard parameters constitute microstructural differences or variations which represent an approach to an amorphous, vitreous or glassy solid.
Note that the only stable form under normal conditions is α-quartz and this is the form in which crystalline silicon dioxide is usually encountered. In nature impurities in crystalline α-quartz can give rise to colours (see list).
Note also that both high temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both a lower density and index of refraction than quartz. Since the composition is identical, the reason for the discrepancies must be in the increased spacing in the high temperature minerals. As is common with many substances, the higher the temperature the farther apart the atoms due to the increased vibration energy.
The high pressure minerals, stishovite and coesite, on the other hand, have a higher density and index of refraction when compared to quartz. This is probably due to the intense compression of the atoms that must occur during their formation, resulting in a more condensed structure.
Faujasite silica is another form of crystalline silica. It is obtained by dealumination of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y zeolite with a combined acid and thermal treatment. The resulting product contains over 99% silica, has high crystallinity and high surface area (over 800 m2/g). Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability. For example, it maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order (or crystallinity) even after boiling in concentrated hydrochloric acid.[9]Crystalline forms of SiO2[5]
Form
Crystal symmetry
Pearson symbol, group, No
Notes
Structure
α-quartz
rhombohedral (trigonal)
hP9, P3121 No.152[10]
Helical chains making individual single crystals optically active; α-quartz converts to β-quartz at 573 °C
β-quartz
hexagonal
hP18, P6222, No.180[11]
closely related to α-quartz (with an Si-O-Si angle of 155°) and optically active; β-quartz converts to β-tridymite at 870 °C
α-tridymite
orthorhombic
oS24, C2221, No.20[12]
metastable form under normal pressure
β-tridymite
hexagonal
hP12, P63/mmc, No. 194[12]
closely related to α-tridymite; β-tridymite converts to β-cristobalite at 1470 °C
α-cristobalite
tetragonal
tP12, P41212, No. 92[13]
metastable form under normal pressure
β-cristobalite
cubic
cF104, Fd3m, No.227[14]
closely related to α-cristobalite; melts at 1705 °C
keatite
tetragonal
tP36, P41212, No. 92[15]
Si5O10, Si4O14, Si8O16 rings; synthesised from amorphous silica and alkali at high pressure
coesite
monoclinic
mS48, C2/c, No.15[16]
Si4O8 and Si8O16 rings; high pressure form (higher than keatite)
stishovite
tetragonal
tP6, P42/mnm, No.136[17]
rutile like with 6-fold coordinated Si; high pressure form (higher than coesite) and the densest of the polymorphs
melanophlogite
cubic
cP*, P4232, No.208[18]
Si5O10, Si6O12 rings; mineral always found with hydrocarbons in interstitial spaces-a clathrasil[19]
fibrous
orthorhombic
oI12, Ibam, No.72[20]
like SiS2 consisting of edge sharing chains
faujasite
cubic
cF576, Fd3m, No.227[21]
sodalite cages connected by hexagonal prisms; 12-membered ring pore opening; faujasite structure.[9]
Molten silica exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to the ones observed in liquid water: negative temperature expansion, density maximum and a heat capacity minimum.[22] When molecular silicon monoxide, SiO, is condensed in an argon matrix cooled with helium along with oxygen atoms generated by microwave discharge, molecular SiO2 is produced which has a linear structure. Dimeric silicon dioxide, (SiO2)2 has been prepared by reacting O2 with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si2O2). In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an Si-O-Si angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal Si-O bond length is 150.2 pm. The Si-O bond length is 148.3 pm which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz. The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.[23]
Quartz glass
Main article: Glass
When silicon dioxide SiO2 is cooled rapidly enough, it does not crystallize but solidifies as a glass. The glass transition temperature of pure SiO2 is about 1600 K.
Chemistry
Manufactured silica fume at maximum surface area of 380 m2/g
Silicon dioxide is formed when silicon is exposed to oxygen (or air). A very thin layer (approximately 1 nm or 10 Å) of so-called 'native oxide' is formed on the surface when silicon is exposed to air under ambient conditions. Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using the so-called "dry" or "wet" oxidation with O2 or H2O, respectively.[24] The thickness of the layer of silicon replaced by the dioxide is 44% of the thickness of the silicon dioxide layer produced.[24]
Alternative methods used to deposit a layer of SiO2 include[25]
Low temperature oxidation (400–450 °C) of silane
SiH4 + 2 O2 → SiO2 + 2 H2O
Decomposition of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) at 680–730 °C
Si(OC2H5)4 → SiO2 + 2 H2O + 4 C2H4
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using TEOS at about 400 °C
Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 → SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2
Polymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) at below 100 °C using amino acid as catalyst.[26]
Pyrogenic silica (sometimes called fumed silica or silica fume), which is a very fine particulate form of silicon dioxide, is prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen rich hydrocarbon flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO2:[6]
SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 → SiO2 + 4 HCl
Amorphous silica, silica gel, is produced by the acidification of solutions of sodium silicate to produce a gelatinous precipitate that is then washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica.[6]
Quartz exhibits a maximum solubility in water at temperatures about 340 °C.[27] This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel which is cooler at the top. Crystals of 0.5–1 kg can be grown over a period of 1–2 months.[5] These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications.[6]
Fluorine reacts with silicon dioxide to form SiF4 and O2 whereas the other halogen gases (Cl2, Br2, I2) react much less readily.[6]
Silicon dioxide is attacked by hydrofluoric acid (HF) to produce "hexafluorosilicic acid":[5]
SiO2 + 6 HF → H2SiF6 + 2 H2O
HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry.
Silicon dioxide dissolves in hot concentrated alkali or fused hydroxide:[6]
SiO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SiO3 + H2O
Silicon dioxide reacts with basic metal oxides (e.g. sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lead(II) oxide, zinc oxide or mixtures of oxides forming silicates and glasses as the Si-O-Si bonds in silica are broken successively).[5] As an example the reaction of sodium oxide and SiO2 can produce sodium orthosilicate, sodium silicate and glasses, depending on the proportions of reactants:[6]
2 Na2O + SiO2 → Na4SiO4
Na2O + SiO2 → Na2SiO3
(0.25–0.8)Na2O + SiO2 → glass
Examples of such glasses have commercial significance e.g. soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass. In these glasses, silica is termed the network former or lattice former.[5]
Bundle of optical fibers composed of high purity silica.
With silicon at high temperatures gaseous SiO is produced:[5]
SiO2 + Si → 2 SiO (gas)
Sol-gel
The sol-gel process is a wet chemical technique used for the fabrication of both glassy and ceramic materials. In this process, the sol (or solution) evolves gradually towards the formation of a gel-like network containing both a liquid phase and a solid phase. The basic structure or morphology of the solid phase can range anywhere from discrete colloidal particles to continuous chain-like polymer networks.[28][29]
The term “colloid” is specific to the size of the individual particles, which are larger than atoms but small enough not to settle to the bottom of a container immediately. If the particles are large enough, then their dynamic behavior would be governed by forces of gravity and sedimentation. But if they are small enough to be colloids, then they may remain suspended in a liquid medium indefinitely. This critical size range (or particle diameter) typically ranges from tens of angstroms to a few microns.
1) In basic solutions (pH > 7), the particles may grow to sufficient size to become colloids, which are affected both by sedimentation and forces of gravity. Particles like these may become highly ordered in a manner similar to those seen in precious opal.
2) Under acidic conditions (pH < 7), a more open continuous network of chain-like polymers is formed. Polymers like this can be useful due to their viscosity, which allows them to be drawn or spun from solution into fibers, or drawn as thin films into surface coatings. Such glass fiber is useful for guided lightwave transmission, with ceramic fiber providing excellent thermal insulation.
Silica fiber mesh for thermal insulation.
In either case, the sol evolves towards the formation of a 2-phase gel. In the case of the colloid, the number of particles in an extremely dilute suspension may be so low that a significant amount of solvent may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in any number of ways. The simplest method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid. A variable speed centrifuge can also be used to accelerate the process of liquid removal.
Removal of the remaining liquid (solvent) phase requires a drying process, which is typically accompanied by a significant amount of shrinkage and densification. Since the remaining water will most likely reside within microstructural pores, the rate at which the solvent can be removed is ultimately determined by the distribution of pore space in the gel. Subsequent thermal treatment (or low temperature sintering at 500 – 600 °C) may be performed in order to obtain a higher density product. With regard to methods of application:
1) The sol can be deposited on a substrate to form a film using dip-coating or spin-coating;
2) It can be cast into a suitable container with the desired shape;
3) It can be used to synthesize fine high-purity powders.[30][31]
The sol-gel approach is a cheap and low-temperature technique that maintains a high degree of chemical purity. Thus it allows for total control of the product’s chemical composition. It can be used in ceramics manufacturing processes, as an investment casting material, or as a means of producing thin films or coatings.[32]
Sol-gel derived components have diverse applications in optics, electronics, energy, space, physical and chemical sensors, biosensors, controlled drug release in medicine, and chemical separation on a cellular level. Ceramic powders of a wide range of chemical composition can be formed by such techniques. The generation of particles uniform in size and shape was investigated extensively by Egon Matijevic and his co-workers. In the case of chromium, aluminum and titanium salts, spherical particles were formed whereas particles of crystallographic symmetry resulted from solutions of copper and iron salts.[30][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]
In 1956, Kolbe described the formation of spherical silica particles in basic solution. The mechanisms of precipitation—and the chemical conditions that bias the structure toward linear or branched structures—are the most critical issues faced in the chemistry laboratory by sol-gel scientists. Again, these are the factors which will ultimately determine the form of the microstructure over a range of length scales in the green or unfired body. Factors, such as chemical acidity which lead to the formation of linear polymers (as opposed to particles), are ideal for the formation of spinnable solutions such as those used for the formation of thin films and coatings as well as optical quality fiber.
Sand from Pismo Beach, California including quartz, shell and rock fragments.
Biomaterials
Silicification is quite common in the biological world and occurs in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). Crystalline minerals formed in this environment often show exceptional physical properties (e.g. strength, hardness, fracture toughness) and tend to form hierarchical structures that exhibit microstructural order over a range of length or spatial scales. The minerals are crystallized from an environment that is undersaturated with respect to silicon, and under conditions of neutral pH and low temperature (0–40 °C). Formation of the mineral may occur either within or outside of the cell wall of an organism, and specific biochemical reactions for mineral deposition exist that include lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
Health effects
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust in very small quantities (OSHA allows 0.1 mg/m3) over time can lead to silicosis, bronchitis or (much more rarely) cancer, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates them, reducing lung capacities (silica does not dissolve over time). This effect can be an occupational hazard for people working with sandblasting equipment, products that contain powdered crystalline silica and so on. Children, asthmatics of any age, allergy sufferers and the elderly (all of whom have reduced lung capacity) can be affected in much shorter periods of time. Amorphous silica, such as fumed silica is not associated with development of silicosis.[40] Laws restricting silica exposure with respect to the silicosis hazard specify that the silica is both crystalline and dust-forming.
In respects other than inhalation, pure silicon dioxide is inert and harmless. Because some silicas take on water, extended exposure may cause local drying of the skin or other tissue. Pure silicon dioxide produces no fumes and is insoluble in vivo. (in the body) It is indigestible, with zero nutritional value and zero toxicity.[citation needed] When silica is ingested orally, it passes unchanged through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, exiting in the feces, leaving no trace behind.[citation needed] Small pieces of silicon dioxide are equally harmless[citation needed], as long as they are not large enough to mechanically obstruct the GI tract, or jagged enough to lacerate its lining.
A study which followed subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of dementia. The study found that for every 10 milligram-per-day intake of silica in drinking water, the risk of dementia dropped by 11%.[
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的 不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專 用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀 與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自 動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情 報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊 富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密 HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4) 航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エン ド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活 産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量 発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び 技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info
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